2026-09-14 00:57:14

Signed-off-by: lizzie <lizzie@eden-emu.dev>

.patch/ffmpeg/0001-steamdeck.patch

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+diff --git a/libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c b/libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c
+index 2859ee1..766961f 100644
+--- a/libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c
++++ b/libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c
+@@ -1688,10 +1688,12 @@ static int setup_queue_families(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx, VkDeviceCreateInfo *cd)
+ 
+     hwctx->nb_qf = 0;
+     hwctx->queue_flags = 0;
++/* SD gamemode vkroots crash
+ #ifdef VK_KHR_internally_synchronized_queues
+     if (p->vkctx.extensions & FF_VK_EXT_INTERNAL_QUEUE_SYNC)
+         hwctx->queue_flags |= VK_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INTERNALLY_SYNCHRONIZED_BIT_KHR;
+ #endif
++*/
+ 
+     /* Pick each queue family to use. */
+ #define PICK_QF(type, vid_op)                                            \
+diff --git a/libavutil/vulkan.c b/libavutil/vulkan.c
+index b2e575c..5b3c9cf 100644
+--- a/libavutil/vulkan.c
++++ b/libavutil/vulkan.c
+@@ -574,10 +574,12 @@ int ff_vk_exec_pool_init(FFVulkanContext *s, AVVulkanDeviceQueueFamily *qf,
+         e->qf = qf->idx;
+         VkDeviceQueueInfo2 qinfo = {
+             .sType            = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_INFO_2,
++/* SD gamemode vkroots crash
+ #ifdef VK_KHR_internally_synchronized_queues
+             .flags            = internal_queue_sync ?
+                                 VK_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INTERNALLY_SYNCHRONIZED_BIT_KHR : 0,
+ #endif
++*/
+             .queueFamilyIndex = qf->idx,
+             .queueIndex       = e->qi,
+         };

cpmfile.json

@@ -70,16 +70,16 @@
         "version": "v1.3.18"
     },
     "ffmpeg": {
-        "hash": "ed177621176b3961bdcaa339187d3a7688c1c8b060b79c4bb0257cbc67ad7021ae5d5adca5303b45625abbbe3d9aafdd87ce777b8690ac295290d744c875489a",
+        "hash": "68f46abf0d5dc47ab95083d59e273131a8df7948b82e62db00f00fa416e1d0bd24b799671b5a60752209bb2ac0f75295055ed0085c89a98113323cde23b69710",
         "repo": "FFmpeg/FFmpeg",
-        "version": "c7b5f1537d"
+        "version": "6efe500d2e"
     },
     "ffmpeg-ci": {
         "ci": true,
         "name": "ffmpeg",
         "package": "FFmpeg",
         "repo": "crueter-ci/FFmpeg",
-        "version": "9.0.2-1790726865-946fcce07b"
+        "version": "9.0.1-1788120736-bf1b838f2a"
     },
     "fmt": {
         "hash": "f0da82c545b01692e9fd30fdfb613dbb8dd9716983dcd0ff19ac2a8d36f74beb5540ef38072fdecc1e34191b3682a8542ecbf3a61ef287dbba0a2679d4e023f2",

src/android/app/src/main/java/org/yuzu/yuzu_emu/model/DriverViewModel.kt

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import org.yuzu.yuzu_emu.model.Driver.Companion.toDriver
 import org.yuzu.yuzu_emu.utils.GpuDriverHelper
 import org.yuzu.yuzu_emu.NativeLibrary
 import org.yuzu.yuzu_emu.utils.GpuDriverMetadata
-import org.yuzu.yuzu_emu.utils.DirectoryInitialization
 import org.yuzu.yuzu_emu.utils.NativeConfig
 import java.io.File
 
@@ -147,11 +146,11 @@ class DriverViewModel : ViewModel() {
     private fun wipeGameShaders(game: Game) {
         viewModelScope.launch {
             withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
-                val userDirectory = DirectoryInitialization.userDirectory
+                val externalFilesDir = YuzuApplication.appContext.getExternalFilesDir(null)
                     ?: return@withContext
                 val shaderDir = File(
-                    userDirectory +
+                    externalFilesDir.absolutePath +
-                    "/cache/shader/" + game.settingsName.lowercase()
+                    "/shader/" + game.settingsName.lowercase()
                 )
                 if (shaderDir.exists()) {
                     shaderDir.deleteRecursively()

src/core/hle/service/am/frontend/applets.cpp

@@ -250,10 +250,9 @@ std::shared_ptr<FrontendApplet> FrontendAppletHolder::GetApplet(std::shared_ptr<
         return std::make_shared<PhotoViewer>(system, applet, mode, *frontend.photo_viewer);
     case AppletId::NetConnect:
         return std::make_shared<NetConnect>(system, applet, mode, *frontend.net_connect);
-    case AppletId::None:
-        return nullptr;
     default:
-        UNIMPLEMENTED_MSG("No frontend implementation exists for applet_id={:02X} program_id={:016X}! Using stub applet.", static_cast<u8>(id), applet->program_id);
+        LOG_ERROR(Service_AM, "No backend implementation exists for applet_id={:02X} program_id={:016X}"
+                              "Falling back to stub applet", static_cast<u8>(id), applet->program_id);
         return std::make_shared<StubApplet>(system, applet, id, mode);
     }
 }

src/core/memory.cpp

@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ struct Memory::Impl {
         };
         auto& gpu = system.GPU();
         gpu_device_memory->ApplyOpOnPointer(
-            p, scratch_buffers[core], [&](DAddr address) { gpu.InvalidateRegion(address, size, true); });
+            p, scratch_buffers[core], [&](DAddr address) { gpu.InvalidateRegion(address, size); });
     }
 
     Core::System& system;

src/shader_recompiler/host_translate_info.h

@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@ struct HostTranslateInfo {
                                                 ///< passthrough shaders
     bool support_conditional_barrier{}; ///< True when the device supports barriers in conditional
                                         ///< control flow
-    bool support_attribute_texture_handle{}; ///< True when the host binds texture handles that
-                                             ///< arrive as vertex attributes
 
     void ApplyDescriptorLimitPolicy() noexcept {
         if (min_ssbo_alignment == 0) {

src/shader_recompiler/ir_opt/texture_pass.cpp

@@ -268,10 +268,6 @@ static inline u32 ReadCbufCached(Environment& env, u32 index, u32 offset) {
     return v;
 }
 
-static inline bool IsAttributeHandle(const ConstBufferAddr& cbuf) {
-    return cbuf.index == ATTRIBUTE_HANDLE_CBUF_INDEX;
-}
-
 static inline u32 GetTextureHandleCached(Environment& env, const ConstBufferAddr& cbuf) {
     // Must all be uniquely different variables
     // If has secondary, then it will be cbuf.secondary_{index|offset}, else its 0.
@@ -291,23 +287,14 @@ static inline u32 GetTextureHandleCached(Environment& env, const ConstBufferAddr
 
 // Cached variants of existing helpers
 static inline TextureType ReadTextureTypeCached(Environment& env, const ConstBufferAddr& cbuf) {
-    if (IsAttributeHandle(cbuf)) {
-        return TextureType::Color2D;
-    }
     return env.ReadTextureType(GetTextureHandleCached(env, cbuf));
 }
 static inline TexturePixelFormat ReadTexturePixelFormatCached(Environment& env,
                                                                 const ConstBufferAddr& cbuf) {
-    if (IsAttributeHandle(cbuf)) {
-        return TexturePixelFormat::A8B8G8R8_UNORM;
-    }
     return env.ReadTexturePixelFormat(GetTextureHandleCached(env, cbuf));
 }
 static inline bool IsTexturePixelFormatIntegerCached(Environment& env,
                                                         const ConstBufferAddr& cbuf) {
-    if (IsAttributeHandle(cbuf)) {
-        return false;
-    }
     return env.IsTexturePixelFormatInteger(GetTextureHandleCached(env, cbuf));
 }
 
@@ -479,43 +466,15 @@ std::optional<ConstBufferAddr> TryGetConstBuffer(const IR::Inst* inst, Environme
     };
 }
 
-bool IsAttributeSourcedHandle(const IR::Value& handle) {
-    if (handle.IsImmediate()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    const IR::Inst* inst{handle.InstRecursive()};
-    if (inst->GetOpcode() == IR::Opcode::BitCastU32F32 && !inst->Arg(0).IsImmediate()) {
-        inst = inst->Arg(0).InstRecursive();
-    }
-    return inst->GetOpcode() == IR::Opcode::GetAttribute ||
-           inst->GetOpcode() == IR::Opcode::GetAttributeU32;
-}
-
 TextureInst MakeInst(Environment& env, IR::Block* block, IR::Inst& inst, const HostTranslateInfo& host_info) {
     ConstBufferAddr addr;
     if (IsBindless(inst)) {
         const std::optional<ConstBufferAddr> track_addr{TrackCached(inst.Arg(0), env, host_info)};
 
-        if (track_addr) {
+        if (!track_addr) {
-            addr = *track_addr;
-        } else if (host_info.support_attribute_texture_handle &&
-                   IsAttributeSourcedHandle(inst.Arg(0))) {
-            // The handle travels with the vertices (sprite batches pick the texture per quad), so
-            // there is no constant buffer to read it from. The host binds the handle of each run
-            // of vertices that share one.
-            addr = ConstBufferAddr{
-                .index = ATTRIBUTE_HANDLE_CBUF_INDEX,
-                .offset = 0,
-                .shift_left = 0,
-                .secondary_index = 0,
-                .secondary_offset = 0,
-                .secondary_shift_left = 0,
-                .dynamic_offset = {},
-                .count = 1,
-                .has_secondary = false,
-            };
-        } else {
             throw NotImplementedException("Failed to track bindless texture constant buffer");
+        } else {
+            addr = *track_addr;
         }
     } else {
         addr = ConstBufferAddr{

src/shader_recompiler/shader_info.h

@@ -38,10 +38,6 @@ enum class TextureType : u32 {
 };
 constexpr u32 NUM_TEXTURE_TYPES = 9;
 
-/// Constant buffer index marking a texture handle that the shader receives as a vertex attribute
-/// instead of reading it from a constant buffer. The host supplies the handle of each draw run.
-constexpr u32 ATTRIBUTE_HANDLE_CBUF_INDEX = 0xFFFF;
-
 enum class TexturePixelFormat {
     A8B8G8R8_UNORM,
     A8B8G8R8_SNORM,

src/video_core/gpu.cpp

@@ -226,17 +226,7 @@ struct GPU::Impl {
     }
 
     /// Notify rasterizer that any caches of the specified region should be invalidated
-    void InvalidateRegion(DAddr addr, u64 size, bool preserve_gpu_writes) {
+    void InvalidateRegion(DAddr addr, u64 size) {
-        VideoCore::RasterizerInterface* rasterizer = renderer->ReadRasterizer();
-        if (preserve_gpu_writes && rasterizer->MustFlushRegion(addr, size, VideoCommon::CacheType::BufferCache)) {
-            const u64 fence = RequestSyncOperation([rasterizer, addr, size] {
-                rasterizer->FlushRegion(addr, size, VideoCommon::CacheType::BufferCache);
-                rasterizer->OnCacheInvalidation(addr, size);
-            });
-            gpu_thread.TickGPU(is_async);
-            WaitForSyncOperation(fence);
-            return;
-        }
         gpu_thread.InvalidateRegion(addr, size);
     }
 
@@ -528,8 +518,8 @@ void GPU::FlushRegion(DAddr addr, u64 size) {
     impl->FlushRegion(addr, size);
 }
 
-void GPU::InvalidateRegion(DAddr addr, u64 size, bool preserve_gpu_writes) {
+void GPU::InvalidateRegion(DAddr addr, u64 size) {
-    impl->InvalidateRegion(addr, size, preserve_gpu_writes);
+    impl->InvalidateRegion(addr, size);
 }
 
 bool GPU::OnCPUWrite(DAddr addr, u64 size) {

src/video_core/gpu.h

@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ public:
     void FlushRegion(DAddr addr, u64 size);
 
     /// Notify rasterizer that any caches of the specified region should be invalidated
-    void InvalidateRegion(DAddr addr, u64 size, bool preserve_gpu_writes = false);
+    void InvalidateRegion(DAddr addr, u64 size);
 
     /// Notify rasterizer that CPU is trying to write this area. It returns true if the area is
     /// sensible, false otherwise, addr and size must be a valid combination

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_graphics_pipeline.cpp

@@ -276,9 +276,6 @@ GraphicsPipeline::GraphicsPipeline(
         num_textures += Shader::NumDescriptors(info->texture_descriptors);
         num_image_elements += Shader::NumDescriptors(info->texture_descriptors);
         num_image_elements += Shader::NumDescriptors(info->image_descriptors);
-        for (const auto& desc : info->texture_descriptors) {
-            uses_attribute_handle |= desc.cbuf_index == Shader::ATTRIBUTE_HANDLE_CBUF_INDEX;
-        }
         num_descriptor_entries += NumDescriptorEntries(*info);
     }
     fragment_has_color0_output = stage_infos[NUM_STAGES - 1].stores_frag_color[0];
@@ -378,9 +375,6 @@ bool GraphicsPipeline::ConfigureImpl(bool is_indexed) {
         }
         const auto& cbufs{maxwell3d->state.shader_stages[stage].const_buffers};
         const auto read_handle{[&](const auto& desc, u32 index) {
-            if (desc.cbuf_index == Shader::ATTRIBUTE_HANDLE_CBUF_INDEX) {
-                return TexturePair(attribute_handle, via_header_index);
-            }
             ASSERT(cbufs[desc.cbuf_index].enabled);
             const u32 index_offset{index << desc.size_shift};
             const u32 offset{desc.cbuf_offset + index_offset};

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_graphics_pipeline.h

@@ -110,16 +110,6 @@ public:
         return configure_func(this, is_indexed);
     }
 
-    /// True when a shader samples a texture whose handle arrives as a vertex attribute.
-    [[nodiscard]] bool UsesAttributeHandle() const noexcept {
-        return uses_attribute_handle;
-    }
-
-    /// Handle bound to those textures by the next Configure.
-    void SetAttributeHandle(u32 handle) noexcept {
-        attribute_handle = handle;
-    }
-
     [[nodiscard]] GraphicsPipeline* Next(const GraphicsPipelineCacheKey& current_key) noexcept {
         if (key == current_key) {
             return this;
@@ -178,8 +168,6 @@ private:
     u32 num_descriptor_entries{};
     size_t num_image_elements{};
     u32 num_textures{};
-    u32 attribute_handle{};
-    bool uses_attribute_handle{};
     bool fragment_has_color0_output{};
 
     vk::DescriptorSetLayout descriptor_set_layout;

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_pipeline_cache.cpp

@@ -479,7 +479,6 @@ PipelineCache::PipelineCache(Tegra::MaxwellDeviceMemoryManager& device_memory_,
         .support_viewport_index_layer = device.IsExtShaderViewportIndexLayerSupported(),
         .support_geometry_shader_passthrough = device.IsNvGeometryShaderPassthroughSupported(),
         .support_conditional_barrier = device.SupportsConditionalBarriers(),
-        .support_attribute_texture_handle = true,
     };
     host_info.ApplyDescriptorLimitPolicy();
 

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_rasterizer.cpp

@@ -248,15 +248,6 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::PrepareDraw(bool is_indexed, Func&& draw_func) {
     std::scoped_lock lock{buffer_cache.mutex, texture_cache.mutex};
     // update engine as channel may be different.
     pipeline->SetEngine(maxwell3d, gpu_memory);
-    attribute_handle_pipeline = nullptr;
-    attribute_handle_runs.clear();
-    if (split_attribute_handles && pipeline->UsesAttributeHandle()) {
-        CollectAttributeHandleRuns(is_indexed);
-        if (!attribute_handle_runs.empty()) {
-            attribute_handle_pipeline = pipeline;
-            pipeline->SetAttributeHandle(attribute_handle_runs.front().handle);
-        }
-    }
     if (!pipeline->Configure(is_indexed))
         return;
 
@@ -268,110 +259,22 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::PrepareDraw(bool is_indexed, Func&& draw_func) {
     draw_func();
 }
 
-void RasterizerVulkan::CollectAttributeHandleRuns(bool is_indexed) {
-    using VertexAttribute = Maxwell::VertexAttribute;
-    const auto& regs = maxwell3d->regs;
-    const auto& draw_state = maxwell3d->draw_manager.draw_state;
-    const u32 total = is_indexed ? draw_state.index_buffer.count : draw_state.vertex_buffer.count;
-    if (total == 0) {
-        return;
-    }
-    // The handle is an integer attribute; sprite batches repeat it on every vertex of a quad.
-    const VertexAttribute* source{};
-    for (const auto& attr : regs.vertex_attrib_format) {
-        if (attr.constant || attr.size == VertexAttribute::Size::Invalid) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (attr.type == VertexAttribute::Type::UInt || attr.type == VertexAttribute::Type::SInt) {
-            source = &attr;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-    const auto& stream = regs.vertex_streams[source ? source->buffer.Value() : 0];
-    if (!source || !stream.IsEnabled()) {
-        attribute_handle_runs.push_back({0, total, 0});
-        return;
-    }
-    // Only plain triangle lists are split; anything else keeps the handle of its first vertex.
-    const u32 primitive_size =
-        draw_state.topology == Maxwell::PrimitiveTopology::Triangles ? 3 : total;
-    const GPUVAddr base_address = stream.Address() + source->offset;
-    const auto read_handle = [&](u32 position) {
-        u32 vertex;
-        if (is_indexed) {
-            const auto& index_buffer = draw_state.index_buffer;
-            const GPUVAddr address =
-                index_buffer.IndexStart() + size_t{position} * index_buffer.FormatSizeInBytes();
-            u32 index{};
-            gpu_memory->ReadBlockUnsafe(address, &index, index_buffer.FormatSizeInBytes());
-            vertex = static_cast<u32>(draw_state.base_index + index);
-        } else {
-            vertex = draw_state.vertex_buffer.first + position;
-        }
-        return gpu_memory->Read<u32>(base_address + static_cast<GPUVAddr>(vertex) * stream.stride);
-    };
-    for (u32 position = 0; position + primitive_size <= total; position += primitive_size) {
-        const u32 handle = read_handle(position);
-        if (!attribute_handle_runs.empty() && attribute_handle_runs.back().handle == handle) {
-            attribute_handle_runs.back().count += primitive_size;
-        } else {
-            attribute_handle_runs.push_back({position, primitive_size, handle});
-        }
-    }
-    if (attribute_handle_runs.empty()) {
-        attribute_handle_runs.push_back({0, total, read_handle(0)});
-    } else {
-        const u32 covered = attribute_handle_runs.back().first + attribute_handle_runs.back().count;
-        if (covered < total) {
-            attribute_handle_runs.back().count += total - covered;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 void RasterizerVulkan::Draw(bool is_indexed, u32 instance_count) {
-    split_attribute_handles = true;
-    SCOPE_EXIT {
-        split_attribute_handles = false;
-    };
     PrepareDraw(is_indexed, [this, is_indexed, instance_count] {
         const auto& draw_state = maxwell3d->draw_manager.draw_state;
         const u32 num_instances{instance_count};
         const DrawParams draw_params{MakeDrawParams(draw_state, num_instances, is_indexed)};
 
-        const auto record_draw = [this](const DrawParams& params) {
+        scheduler.Record([draw_params](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
-            scheduler.Record([params](vk::CommandBuffer cmdbuf) {
+            if (draw_params.is_indexed) {
-                if (params.is_indexed) {
+                cmdbuf.DrawIndexed(draw_params.num_vertices, draw_params.num_instances,
-                    cmdbuf.DrawIndexed(params.num_vertices, params.num_instances,
+                                   draw_params.first_index, draw_params.base_vertex,
-                                       params.first_index, params.base_vertex,
+                                   draw_params.base_instance);
-                                       params.base_instance);
+            } else {
-                } else {
+                cmdbuf.Draw(draw_params.num_vertices, draw_params.num_instances,
-                    cmdbuf.Draw(params.num_vertices, params.num_instances, params.base_vertex,
+                            draw_params.base_vertex, draw_params.base_instance);
-                                params.base_instance);
-                }
-            });
-        };
-        if (attribute_handle_pipeline && attribute_handle_runs.size() > 1) {
-            // The first run is already configured, each further one binds its own texture.
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < attribute_handle_runs.size(); ++i) {
-                const AttributeHandleRun& run = attribute_handle_runs[i];
-                if (i != 0) {
-                    attribute_handle_pipeline->SetAttributeHandle(run.handle);
-                    if (!attribute_handle_pipeline->Configure(is_indexed)) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                }
-                DrawParams run_params = draw_params;
-                run_params.num_vertices = run.count;
-                if (is_indexed) {
-                    run_params.first_index += run.first;
-                } else {
-                    run_params.base_vertex += run.first;
-                }
-                record_draw(run_params);
             }
-        } else {
+        });
-            record_draw(draw_params);
-        }
 
         // Log draw call
         if (GPU::Logging::IsActive() &&

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_rasterizer.h

@@ -157,20 +157,6 @@ private:
     template <typename Func>
     void PrepareDraw(bool is_indexed, Func&&);
 
-    /// A stretch of a draw whose vertices all carry the same texture handle.
-    struct AttributeHandleRun {
-        u32 first;
-        u32 count;
-        u32 handle;
-    };
-
-    /// Splits the current draw wherever the texture handle carried in the vertex data changes.
-    void CollectAttributeHandleRuns(bool is_indexed);
-
-    std::vector<AttributeHandleRun> attribute_handle_runs;
-    GraphicsPipeline* attribute_handle_pipeline{};
-    bool split_attribute_handles{};
-
     void FlushWork();
 
     void UpdateDynamicStates();

src/yuzu/game/common.h

@@ -12,29 +12,25 @@ namespace Yuzu {
 
 inline bool ContainsAllWords(const QString& haystack, const QString& userinput) {
     const QStringList userinput_split = userinput.split(QLatin1Char{' '}, Qt::SkipEmptyParts);
-    return std::all_of(userinput_split.begin(), userinput_split.end(), [&haystack](const QString& s) {
+    return std::all_of(userinput_split.begin(), userinput_split.end(),
-        return haystack.contains(s);
+                       [&haystack](const QString& s) { return haystack.contains(s); });
-    });
 }
 
 inline bool FilterMatches(const QString& filter, const QStandardItem* item) {
     if (filter.isEmpty())
         return true;
 
-    auto const sluggify = [](const QString& s) {
-        QString o(s.normalized(QString::NormalizationForm_D).toLower());
-        return o.replace(QRegularExpression(QStringLiteral("[^a-z\\s]")), QStringLiteral(""));
-    };
-
-    const auto norm_filter = sluggify(filter);
     const auto program_id = item->data(GameListItemPath::ProgramIdRole).toULongLong();
-    const QString file_path = sluggify(item->data(GameListItemPath::FullPathRole).toString());
+
-    const QString file_title = sluggify(item->data(GameListItemPath::TitleRole).toString());
+    const QString file_path = item->data(GameListItemPath::FullPathRole).toString().toLower();
+    const QString file_title = item->data(GameListItemPath::TitleRole).toString().toLower();
     const QString file_program_id = QStringLiteral("%1").arg(program_id, 16, 16, QLatin1Char{'0'});
-    const QString file_name = sluggify(file_path.mid(file_path.lastIndexOf(QLatin1Char{'/'}) + 1) + QLatin1Char{' '} + file_title);
+
-    return (ContainsAllWords(file_name, norm_filter)
+    const QString file_name =
-        || ContainsAllWords(file_title, norm_filter))
+        file_path.mid(file_path.lastIndexOf(QLatin1Char{'/'}) + 1) + QLatin1Char{' '} + file_title;
-        || (file_program_id.size() == 16 && file_program_id.contains(norm_filter));
+
+    return Yuzu::ContainsAllWords(file_name, filter) ||
+           (file_program_id.size() == 16 && file_program_id.contains(filter));
 }
 
 } // namespace Yuzu