[buffer_cache] guards against synchronizebuffer causing unmapped readblock due to rasterizers using writememory for unmap

Signed-off-by: lizzie <lizzie@eden-emu.dev>
Reviewed-on: https://git.eden-emu.dev/eden-emu/eden/pulls/3491
Reviewed-by: Maufeat <sahyno1996@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: CamilleLaVey <camillelavey99@gmail.com>

src/core/hle/service/sockets/bsd.cpp

@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ Errno BSD::BindImpl(s32 fd, std::span<const u8> addr) {
     if (!IsFileDescriptorValid(fd)) {
         return Errno::BADF;
     }
-    ASSERT(addr.size() == sizeof(SockAddrIn));
+    ASSERT(addr.size() >= 16);
     auto addr_in = GetValue<SockAddrIn>(addr);
 
     return Translate(file_descriptors[fd]->socket->Bind(Translate(addr_in)));
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ Errno BSD::ConnectImpl(s32 fd, std::span<const u8> addr) {
         return Errno::BADF;
     }
 
-    UNIMPLEMENTED_IF(addr.size() != sizeof(SockAddrIn));
+    ASSERT(addr.size() >= 16);
     auto addr_in = GetValue<SockAddrIn>(addr);
 
     const Errno result = Translate(file_descriptors[fd]->socket->Connect(Translate(addr_in)));
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ std::pair<s32, Errno> BSD::RecvFromImpl(s32 fd, u32 flags, std::vector<u8>& mess
         if (ret < 0) {
             addr.clear();
         } else {
-            ASSERT(addr.size() == sizeof(SockAddrIn));
+            ASSERT(addr.size() >= 16);
             const SockAddrIn result = Translate(addr_in);
             PutValue(addr, result);
         }
@@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ std::pair<s32, Errno> BSD::SendToImpl(s32 fd, u32 flags, std::span<const u8> mes
     Network::SockAddrIn addr_in;
     Network::SockAddrIn* p_addr_in = nullptr;
     if (!addr.empty()) {
-        ASSERT(addr.size() == sizeof(SockAddrIn));
+        ASSERT(addr.size() >= 16);
         auto guest_addr_in = GetValue<SockAddrIn>(addr);
         addr_in = Translate(guest_addr_in);
         p_addr_in = &addr_in;

src/core/hle/service/sockets/sfdnsres.cpp

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ static std::vector<u8> SerializeAddrInfo(const std::vector<Network::AddrInfo>& v
         Append<u32_be>(data, static_cast<u32>(Translate(addrinfo.family)));      // ai_family
         Append<u32_be>(data, static_cast<u32>(Translate(addrinfo.socket_type))); // ai_socktype
         Append<u32_be>(data, static_cast<u32>(Translate(addrinfo.protocol)));    // ai_protocol
-        Append<u32_be>(data, sizeof(SockAddrIn));                                // ai_addrlen
+        Append<u32_be>(data, 16); // ai_addrlen
         // ^ *not* sizeof(SerializedSockAddrIn), not that it matters since they're the same size
 
         // ai_addr:

src/core/hle/service/sockets/sockets.h

@@ -110,8 +110,9 @@ struct SockAddrIn {
     u8 family;
     u16 portno;
     std::array<u8, 4> ip;
-    std::array<u8, 8> zeroes;
+    std::array<u8, 248> zeroes;
 };
+static_assert(sizeof(SockAddrIn) == 0x100);
 
 enum class PollEvents : u16 {
     // Using Pascal case because IN is a macro on Windows.

src/core/hle/service/sockets/sockets_translate.cpp

@@ -265,13 +265,9 @@ PollEvents Translate(Network::PollEvents flags) {
 }
 
 Network::SockAddrIn Translate(SockAddrIn value) {
-    if (value.len != 0 && value.len != sizeof(value) && value.len != 6) {
-        LOG_WARNING(Service, "Unexpected SockAddrIn len={}, expected 0, {}, or 6",
-                    value.len, sizeof(value));
-    }
-
+    // All lengths are valid, from [0 upto 256]
     return {
-        .family = Translate(static_cast<Domain>(value.family)),
+        .family = Translate(Domain(value.family)),
         .ip = value.ip,
         .portno = static_cast<u16>(value.portno >> 8 | value.portno << 8),
     };
@@ -279,7 +275,7 @@ Network::SockAddrIn Translate(SockAddrIn value) {
 
 SockAddrIn Translate(Network::SockAddrIn value) {
     return {
-        .len = sizeof(SockAddrIn),
+        .len = 16,
         .family = static_cast<u8>(Translate(value.family)),
         .portno = static_cast<u16>(value.portno >> 8 | value.portno << 8),
         .ip = value.ip,

src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache.h

@@ -121,6 +121,15 @@ void BufferCache<P>::WriteMemory(DAddr device_addr, u64 size) {
     memory_tracker.MarkRegionAsCpuModified(device_addr, size);
 }
 
+template <class P>
+void BufferCache<P>::UnmapMemory(DAddr device_addr, u64 size) {
+    if (memory_tracker.IsRegionGpuModified(device_addr, size)) {
+        ClearDownload(device_addr, size);
+        gpu_modified_ranges.Subtract(device_addr, size);
+    }
+    memory_tracker.UnmarkRegionAsCpuModified(device_addr, size);
+}
+
 template <class P>
 void BufferCache<P>::CachedWriteMemory(DAddr device_addr, u64 size) {
     const bool is_dirty = IsRegionRegistered(device_addr, size);
@@ -324,6 +333,7 @@ void BufferCache<P>::BindGraphicsUniformBuffer(size_t stage, u32 index, GPUVAddr
     const std::optional<DAddr> device_addr = gpu_memory->GpuToCpuAddress(gpu_addr);
     const Binding binding{
         .device_addr = *device_addr,
+        .gpu_addr = gpu_addr,
         .size = size,
         .buffer_id = BufferId{},
     };
@@ -940,12 +950,23 @@ void BufferCache<P>::BindHostGraphicsUniformBuffer(size_t stage, u32 index, u32
             return alignment > 1 && (offset % alignment) != 0;
         }
     }();
-    const bool use_fast_buffer = needs_alignment_stream
-        || (has_host_buffer && size <= channel_state->uniform_buffer_skip_cache_size
-            && !memory_tracker.IsRegionGpuModified(device_addr, size));
+    const bool has_gpu_range = binding.gpu_addr != 0 && size != 0;
+    const bool gpu_fully_mapped =
+        has_gpu_range && gpu_memory->IsFullyMappedRange(binding.gpu_addr, size);
+    const bool gpu_continuous =
+        gpu_fully_mapped && gpu_memory->IsContinuousRange(binding.gpu_addr, size);
+    const bool needs_virtual_uniform_stream =
+        has_gpu_range && (!gpu_fully_mapped || !gpu_continuous);
+    const bool region_gpu_modified =
+        has_host_buffer && memory_tracker.IsRegionGpuModified(device_addr, size);
+    const bool use_fast_buffer = needs_alignment_stream ||
+                                 needs_virtual_uniform_stream ||
+                                 (has_host_buffer &&
+                                  size <= channel_state->uniform_buffer_skip_cache_size &&
+                                  !region_gpu_modified);
     if (use_fast_buffer) {
         if constexpr (IS_OPENGL) {
-            if (runtime.HasFastBufferSubData()) {
+            if (!needs_virtual_uniform_stream && runtime.HasFastBufferSubData()) {
                 // Fast path for Nvidia
                 const bool should_fast_bind =
                     !HasFastUniformBufferBound(stage, binding_index) ||
@@ -1254,11 +1275,16 @@ void BufferCache<P>::UpdateIndexBuffer() {
     const u32 address_size = static_cast<u32>(gpu_addr_end - gpu_addr_begin);
     const u32 draw_size =
         (index_buffer_ref.count + index_buffer_ref.first) * index_buffer_ref.FormatSizeInBytes();
-    const u32 size = (std::min)(address_size, draw_size);
+    u32 size = (std::min)(address_size, draw_size);
     if (size == 0 || !device_addr) {
         channel_state->index_buffer = NULL_BINDING;
         return;
     }
+    size = static_cast<u32>(gpu_memory->MaxContinuousRange(gpu_addr_begin, size));
+    if (size == 0) {
+        channel_state->index_buffer = NULL_BINDING;
+        return;
+    }
     channel_state->index_buffer = Binding{
         .device_addr = *device_addr,
         .size = size,
@@ -1296,9 +1322,7 @@ void BufferCache<P>::UpdateVertexBuffer(u32 index) {
         UpdateVertexBufferSlot(index, NULL_BINDING);
         return;
     }
-    if (!gpu_memory->IsWithinGPUAddressRange(gpu_addr_end) || size >= 64_MiB) {
         size = static_cast<u32>(gpu_memory->MaxContinuousRange(gpu_addr_begin, size));
-    }
     const BufferId buffer_id = FindBuffer(*device_addr, size);
     const Binding binding{
         .device_addr = *device_addr,

src/video_core/buffer_cache/buffer_cache_base.h

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ static constexpr u32 DEFAULT_SKIP_CACHE_SIZE = static_cast<u32>(4_KiB);
 
 struct Binding {
     DAddr device_addr{};
+    GPUVAddr gpu_addr{};
     u32 size{};
     BufferId buffer_id;
 };
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ struct TextureBufferBinding : Binding {
 
 static constexpr Binding NULL_BINDING{
     .device_addr = 0,
+    .gpu_addr = 0,
     .size = 0,
     .buffer_id = NULL_BUFFER_ID,
 };
@@ -217,6 +219,8 @@ public:
 
     void WriteMemory(DAddr device_addr, u64 size);
 
+    void UnmapMemory(DAddr device_addr, u64 size);
+
     void CachedWriteMemory(DAddr device_addr, u64 size);
 
     bool OnCPUWrite(DAddr device_addr, u64 size);

src/video_core/dma_pusher.cpp

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2025 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2021 yuzu Emulator Project
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 namespace Tegra {
 
 constexpr u32 MacroRegistersStart = 0xE00;
-[[maybe_unused]] constexpr u32 ComputeInline = 0x6D;
+constexpr u32 ComputeInline = 0x6D;
 
 DmaPusher::DmaPusher(Core::System& system_, GPU& gpu_, MemoryManager& memory_manager_,
                      Control::ChannelState& channel_state_)
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ bool DmaPusher::Step() {
     }
 
     if (prefetch_size > 0) {
+        processing_dma_segment = false;
+        dma_segment_safe_read = false;
         ProcessCommands(command_list.prefetch_command_list);
         dma_pushbuffer.pop();
         return true;
@@ -78,18 +80,24 @@ bool DmaPusher::Step() {
         synced = false;
     }
 
-    if (header.size > 0 && dma_state.method >= MacroRegistersStart && subchannels[dma_state.subchannel]) {
+    if (!Settings::getDebugKnobAt(1) && header.size > 0 && dma_state.method >= MacroRegistersStart && subchannels[dma_state.subchannel]) {
         subchannels[dma_state.subchannel]->current_dirty = memory_manager.IsMemoryDirty(dma_state.dma_get, header.size * sizeof(u32));
     }
 
     if (header.size > 0) {
-        if (Settings::IsDMALevelDefault() ? (Settings::IsGPULevelMedium() || Settings::IsGPULevelHigh()) : Settings::IsDMALevelSafe()) {
+        processing_dma_segment = true;
+        dma_segment_safe_read = Settings::IsDMALevelDefault()
+                                ? !Settings::IsGPULevelLow()
+                                : Settings::IsDMALevelSafe();
+        if (dma_segment_safe_read) {
             Tegra::Memory::GpuGuestMemory<Tegra::CommandHeader, Tegra::Memory::GuestMemoryFlags::SafeRead>headers(memory_manager, dma_state.dma_get, header.size, &command_headers);
             ProcessCommands(headers);
         } else {
             Tegra::Memory::GpuGuestMemory<Tegra::CommandHeader, Tegra::Memory::GuestMemoryFlags::UnsafeRead>headers(memory_manager, dma_state.dma_get, header.size, &command_headers);
             ProcessCommands(headers);
         }
+        processing_dma_segment = false;
+        dma_segment_safe_read = false;
     }
 
     if (++dma_pushbuffer_subindex >= command_list_size) {
@@ -117,7 +125,19 @@ void DmaPusher::ProcessCommands(std::span<const CommandHeader> commands) {
             auto const& command_header = commands[index]; //must ref (MUltiMethod re)
             dma_state.dma_word_offset = u32(index * sizeof(u32));
             const u32 max_write = u32(std::min<std::size_t>(index + dma_state.method_count, commands.size()) - index);
-            CallMultiMethod(&command_header.argument, max_write);
+            const auto engine = subchannel_type[dma_state.subchannel];
+            const bool is_kepler_payload = engine == Engines::EngineTypes::KeplerCompute && dma_state.method == ComputeInline;
+            const bool is_macro_payload = engine == Engines::EngineTypes::Maxwell3D && dma_state.method >= MacroRegistersStart;
+            const bool refresh_payload = !dma_segment_safe_read && processing_dma_segment && (is_kepler_payload || is_macro_payload);
+            if (refresh_payload && Settings::getDebugKnobAt(1)) {
+                const GPUVAddr payload_addr = dma_state.dma_get + dma_state.dma_word_offset;
+                Tegra::Memory::GpuGuestMemory<Tegra::CommandHeader,
+                                              Tegra::Memory::GuestMemoryFlags::SafeRead>
+                    payload(memory_manager, payload_addr, max_write, &refreshed_command_payload);
+                CallMultiMethod(&payload[0].argument, max_write);
+            } else {
+                CallMultiMethod(&command_header.argument, max_write);
+            }
             dma_state.method_count -= max_write;
             dma_state.is_last_call = true;
             index += max_write;

src/video_core/dma_pusher.h

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2025 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2021 yuzu Emulator Project
@@ -157,6 +157,8 @@ private:
 
     Common::ScratchBuffer<CommandHeader>
         command_headers; ///< Buffer for list of commands fetched at once
+    Common::ScratchBuffer<CommandHeader>
+        refreshed_command_payload; ///< Buffer for small payload refreshes inside unsafe DMA segments
 
     std::queue<CommandList> dma_pushbuffer; ///< Queue of command lists to be processed
     std::size_t dma_pushbuffer_subindex{};  ///< Index within a command list within the pushbuffer
@@ -174,6 +176,8 @@ private:
 
     DmaState dma_state{};
     bool dma_increment_once{};
+    bool processing_dma_segment{};
+    bool dma_segment_safe_read{};
 
     const bool ib_enable{true}; ///< IB mode enabled
 

src/video_core/engines/crash_guard.h

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+/*
+    Discards invalid segments to avoid issues
+
+    (Ender Magnolia)
+    dma_method  subch       mode                segment_method(s)      payload_size     guard           guard_point                           guard_point_alt
+    0x06        1-kepler    3-NonIncreasing     0x220(?)                3               Compute         kepler_compute.cpp::ProcessLaunch     vk_rasterizer.cpp::DispatchCompute
+    0xE3B       0-macro     5-IncreaseOnce      0xE3A                   5(?)            Draw            macro.cpp::HLE_Draw*                  draw_manager.cpp::ProcessDraw*
+
+    Usage:
+    #include "video_core/engines/crash_guard.h"
+
+    //in Maxwell3D::DrawManager::ProcessDraw (after UpdateTopology)
+    if (ShouldDiscardCorruptedDraw(draw_state, nullptr, draw_indexed, instance_count)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    //in Maxwell3D::DrawManager::ProcessDrawIndirect (after UpdateTopology)
+    if (ShouldDiscardCorruptedDraw(draw_state, &indirect_state, indirect_state.is_indexed, 1)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    //in KeplerCompute::ProcessLaunch (before DispatchCompute)
+    if (ShouldDiscardCorruptedCompute(regs)) {
+        return;
+    }
+*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <limits>
+
+#include "common/logging.h"
+#include "video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.h"
+#include "video_core/engines/kepler_compute.h"
+//#include "video_core/engines/draw_manager.h"
+
+namespace Tegra::Engines {
+
+[[nodiscard]] inline bool ShouldDiscardCorruptedCompute(const KeplerCompute::LaunchParams& launch_params) {
+    // Similar to draw validation, but for compute dispatches. Culling these can fix some compute shader crashes.
+    // The main check here is that the grid dimensions are not unreasonably large, which is a common result of corrupted register state.
+    constexpr u32 grid_dim_limit = (1u << 16) - 1; // 65536 in each dimension for vulkan, narrower than QMD's X dimension limit of 2^31-1 (Y/Z are equal for both)
+
+    const u32 grid_dim_x = launch_params.grid_dim_x;
+    const u32 grid_dim_y = launch_params.grid_dim_y;
+    const u32 grid_dim_z = launch_params.grid_dim_z;
+
+    const bool x_exceeded = grid_dim_x > grid_dim_limit;
+    const bool y_exceeded = grid_dim_y > grid_dim_limit;
+    const bool z_exceeded = grid_dim_z > grid_dim_limit;
+
+    if (x_exceeded || y_exceeded || z_exceeded) {
+        LOG_WARNING(HW_GPU, "Discarding compute dispatch with invalid grid dimensions: ({}, {}, {})", grid_dim_x,
+                    grid_dim_y, grid_dim_z);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] inline bool ShouldDiscardCorruptedDraw(const Maxwell3D::DrawManager::State& draw_state,
+                                                     const Maxwell3D::DrawManager::IndirectParams* indirect_state,
+                                                     bool draw_indexed, u32 instance_count) {
+    constexpr u32 draw_count_limit = 1u << 22; //endermag save screen has > 2^19 valid counts; some titles legitimately exceed 2^20 on indexed indirect (index_buffer.count is an upper bound, not per-draw)
+    constexpr u32 instance_count_limit = 1u << 17;
+    constexpr u64 draw_span_limit_bytes = 1u << 27;
+    // first/base_index/base_instance limits: values above these are garbage register state
+    // (e.g. float bit-patterns like 0x3F038000 written into integer fields).
+    // No real draw skips >128M indices (first), offsets >16M vertices (base_index),
+    // or starts past >1M instances (base_instance).
+    constexpr u64 first_limit = 1u << 27;        // 128M index/vertex offset
+    constexpr u64 base_index_limit = 1u << 24;   // 16M vertex index offset
+    constexpr u64 base_instance_limit = 1u << 20; // 1M instance offset
+    constexpr size_t indirect_draw_count_limit = 1u << 18;
+    constexpr size_t indirect_buffer_limit = 1u << 24;
+
+    const u64 count = draw_indexed ? static_cast<u64>(draw_state.index_buffer.count)
+                                   : static_cast<u64>(draw_state.vertex_buffer.count);
+    const u64 first = draw_indexed ? static_cast<u64>(draw_state.index_buffer.first)
+                                   : static_cast<u64>(draw_state.vertex_buffer.first);
+    const u64 base_index = static_cast<u64>(draw_state.base_index);
+    const u64 base_instance = static_cast<u64>(draw_state.base_instance);
+
+    bool index_end_overflow = false;
+    bool span_overflow = false;
+    bool bounds_invalid = false;
+    bool span_exceeds_available = false;
+
+    u64 span_bytes = 0;
+    u64 available = 0;
+    u64 index_end = first;
+
+    if (draw_indexed) {
+        index_end_overflow = first > (std::numeric_limits<u64>::max() - count);
+        index_end = index_end_overflow ? std::numeric_limits<u64>::max() : (first + count);
+
+        const u64 format_size = static_cast<u64>(draw_state.index_buffer.FormatSizeInBytes());
+        span_overflow = format_size != 0 &&
+                        index_end > (std::numeric_limits<u64>::max() / format_size);
+        span_bytes = span_overflow ? std::numeric_limits<u64>::max() : (index_end * format_size);
+
+        const GPUVAddr start = draw_state.index_buffer.StartAddress();
+        const GPUVAddr end = draw_state.index_buffer.EndAddress();
+        bounds_invalid = end < start;
+        if (!bounds_invalid) {
+            available = (end - start) + 1;
+            span_exceeds_available = span_bytes > available;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // For indexed draws, span_exceeded and span_exceeds_available are the real safety nets —
+    // applying a count limit here causes false positives on large legitimate index draws.
+    // For non-indexed draws there is no span to check, so count is the only guard.
+    const bool validate_count = (indirect_state == nullptr) ? !draw_indexed : draw_indexed;
+    const bool count_exceeded = validate_count && count > draw_count_limit;
+    const bool instance_exceeded =
+        (indirect_state == nullptr) && (static_cast<u64>(instance_count) > instance_count_limit);
+    const bool span_exceeded = draw_indexed && span_bytes > draw_span_limit_bytes;
+    const bool first_exceeded = first > first_limit;
+    const bool base_index_exceeded = base_index > base_index_limit;
+    const bool base_instance_exceeded = base_instance > base_instance_limit;
+
+    size_t max_draw_count = 0;
+    size_t buffer_size = 0;
+    size_t stride = 0;
+    bool indirect_count_exceeded = false;
+    bool indirect_buffer_exceeded = false;
+    bool indirect_stride_exceeded = false;
+    bool indirect_shape_invalid = false;
+
+    if (indirect_state != nullptr) {
+        max_draw_count = indirect_state->max_draw_counts;
+        buffer_size = indirect_state->buffer_size;
+        stride = indirect_state->stride;
+
+        indirect_count_exceeded = max_draw_count > indirect_draw_count_limit;
+        indirect_buffer_exceeded = buffer_size > indirect_buffer_limit;
+        indirect_stride_exceeded = stride > draw_span_limit_bytes;
+
+        if (!indirect_state->is_byte_count && max_draw_count > 1) {
+            if (stride == 0) {
+                indirect_shape_invalid = true;
+            } else {
+                const size_t command_size =
+                    indirect_state->is_indexed ? (5 * sizeof(u32)) : (4 * sizeof(u32));
+                const bool draw_tail_overflow =
+                    (max_draw_count - 1) > (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / stride);
+                const size_t draw_tail =
+                    draw_tail_overflow ? std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max()
+                                       : ((max_draw_count - 1) * stride);
+                const bool needed_overflow =
+                    draw_tail_overflow ||
+                    draw_tail > (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - command_size);
+                const size_t needed_size =
+                    needed_overflow ? std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max()
+                                    : (draw_tail + command_size);
+                indirect_shape_invalid = needed_overflow || needed_size > buffer_size;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    const bool discard = count_exceeded || instance_exceeded || span_exceeded ||
+                         index_end_overflow || span_overflow || bounds_invalid ||
+                         span_exceeds_available || first_exceeded || base_index_exceeded ||
+                         base_instance_exceeded || indirect_count_exceeded ||
+                         indirect_buffer_exceeded || indirect_stride_exceeded ||
+                         indirect_shape_invalid;
+    if (!discard) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    LOG_WARNING(
+        HW_GPU,
+        "DrawManager: blocked {} draw path={} count={} limit={} first={:#x} "
+        "base_index={:#x} base_instance={:#x} span_bytes={} available={} "
+        "flags(count_exceeded={} instance_exceeded={} span_exceeded={} "
+        "index_end_overflow={} span_overflow={} bounds_invalid={} span_exceeds_available={} "
+        "first_exceeded={} base_index_exceeded={} base_instance_exceeded={} "
+        "indirect_count_exceeded={} indirect_buffer_exceeded={} "
+        "indirect_stride_exceeded={} indirect_shape_invalid={}) "
+        "limits(count={} first={:#x} base_index={:#x} base_instance={:#x}) "
+        "max_draw_count={} buffer_size={} indirect_limits(count={} buffer={})",
+        draw_indexed ? "indexed" : "vertex",
+        indirect_state != nullptr ? "indirect" : "direct",
+        count, draw_count_limit, first, base_index, base_instance, span_bytes, available,
+        count_exceeded ? 1 : 0, instance_exceeded ? 1 : 0, span_exceeded ? 1 : 0,
+        index_end_overflow ? 1 : 0, span_overflow ? 1 : 0, bounds_invalid ? 1 : 0,
+        span_exceeds_available ? 1 : 0,
+        first_exceeded ? 1 : 0, base_index_exceeded ? 1 : 0, base_instance_exceeded ? 1 : 0,
+        indirect_count_exceeded ? 1 : 0, indirect_buffer_exceeded ? 1 : 0,
+        indirect_stride_exceeded ? 1 : 0, indirect_shape_invalid ? 1 : 0,
+        draw_span_limit_bytes, first_limit, base_index_limit, base_instance_limit,
+        max_draw_count, buffer_size, indirect_draw_count_limit, indirect_buffer_limit);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace Tegra::Engines

src/video_core/engines/draw_manager.cpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "video_core/dirty_flags.h"
 #include "video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.h"
 #include "video_core/rasterizer_interface.h"
+#include "video_core/engines/crash_guard.h"
 
 namespace Tegra::Engines {
 
@@ -236,6 +237,7 @@ void Maxwell3D::DrawManager::UpdateTopology(Maxwell3D& maxwell3d) {
 void Maxwell3D::DrawManager::ProcessDraw(Maxwell3D& maxwell3d, bool draw_indexed, u32 instance_count) {
     LOG_TRACE(HW_GPU, "called, topology={}, count={}", draw_state.topology, draw_indexed ? draw_state.index_buffer.count : draw_state.vertex_buffer.count);
     UpdateTopology(maxwell3d);
+    if (Settings::getDebugKnobAt(2) && ShouldDiscardCorruptedDraw(draw_state, nullptr, draw_indexed, instance_count)) return;
     if (maxwell3d.ShouldExecute()) {
         maxwell3d.rasterizer->Draw(draw_indexed, instance_count);
     }
@@ -244,6 +246,7 @@ void Maxwell3D::DrawManager::ProcessDraw(Maxwell3D& maxwell3d, bool draw_indexed
 void Maxwell3D::DrawManager::ProcessDrawIndirect(Maxwell3D& maxwell3d) {
     LOG_TRACE(HW_GPU, "called, topology={}, is_indexed={}, includes_count={}, buffer_size={}, max_draw_count={}", draw_state.topology, indirect_state.is_indexed, indirect_state.include_count, indirect_state.buffer_size, indirect_state.max_draw_counts);
     UpdateTopology(maxwell3d);
+    if (Settings::getDebugKnobAt(2) && ShouldDiscardCorruptedDraw(draw_state, &indirect_state, indirect_state.is_indexed, 1)) return;
     if (maxwell3d.ShouldExecute()) {
         maxwell3d.rasterizer->DrawIndirect();
     }

src/video_core/engines/kepler_compute.cpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "video_core/memory_manager.h"
 #include "video_core/rasterizer_interface.h"
 #include "video_core/textures/decoders.h"
+#include "video_core/engines/crash_guard.h"
 
 namespace Tegra::Engines {
 
@@ -97,6 +98,10 @@ void KeplerCompute::ProcessLaunch() {
     const GPUVAddr launch_desc_loc = regs.launch_desc_loc.Address();
     memory_manager.ReadBlockUnsafe(launch_desc_loc, &launch_description,
                                    LaunchParams::NUM_LAUNCH_PARAMETERS * sizeof(u32));
+
+    if (Settings::getDebugKnobAt(2) && ShouldDiscardCorruptedCompute(launch_description)) {
+        return;
+    }
     rasterizer->DispatchCompute();
 }
 

src/video_core/engines/maxwell_3d.cpp

@@ -229,7 +229,8 @@ void Maxwell3D::ProcessMacro(u32 method, const u32* base_start, u32 amount, bool
 }
 
 void Maxwell3D::RefreshParametersImpl() {
-    if (!Settings::IsGPULevelHigh()) {
+    //if (!Settings::IsGPULevelHigh()) {
+    if (Settings::getDebugKnobAt(1)) {
         return;
     }
     size_t current_index = 0;

src/video_core/fence_manager.h

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2025 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <queue>
 
 #include "common/common_types.h"
+#include "common/logging.h"
 #include "common/settings.h"
 #include "common/thread.h"
 #include "video_core/delayed_destruction_ring.h"
@@ -71,14 +72,15 @@ public:
         uncommitted_operations.emplace_back(std::move(func));
     }
 
-    void SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func) {
+    void SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func, bool ordered = false) {
         if constexpr (!can_async_check) {
             TryReleasePendingFences<false>();
         }
         const bool should_flush = ShouldFlush();
-        const bool delay_fence = Settings::IsGPULevelHigh() || (Settings::IsGPULevelMedium() && should_flush);
+        const bool delay_fence = ordered || Settings::IsGPULevelHigh() || Settings::getDebugKnobAt(4) ||
+                                 (Settings::IsGPULevelMedium() && should_flush);
         CommitAsyncFlushes();
-        TFence new_fence = CreateFence(!should_flush);
+        TFence new_fence = CreateFence(!should_flush && !ordered);
         if constexpr (can_async_check) {
             guard.lock();
         }
@@ -213,7 +215,12 @@ private:
             if (!current_fence->IsStubbed()) {
                 WaitFence(current_fence);
             }
-            PopAsyncFlushes();
+            try {
+                PopAsyncFlushes();
+            } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+                LOG_CRITICAL(Render_Vulkan, "GPUFencingThread: exception in PopAsyncFlushes: {}", e.what());
+                throw;
+            }
             for (auto& operation : current_operations) {
                 operation();
             }

src/video_core/query_cache/query_cache.h

@@ -246,6 +246,23 @@ void QueryCacheBase<Traits>::CounterReport(GPUVAddr addr, QueryType counter_type
         return;
     }
     DAddr cpu_addr = *cpu_addr_opt;
+    u8* pointer = impl->device_memory.template GetPointer<u8>(cpu_addr);
+    if (is_fence && Settings::getDebugKnobAt(0)) { //xbzk: toggle/knob here to control antiflicker
+        u8* pointer_timestamp = impl->device_memory.template GetPointer<u8>(cpu_addr + 8);
+        std::function<void()> operation([this, pointer, pointer_timestamp, payload, has_timestamp] {
+            if (has_timestamp) {
+                const u64 timestamp = impl->gpu.GetTicks();
+                const u64 value = static_cast<u64>(payload);
+                std::memcpy(pointer_timestamp, &timestamp, sizeof(timestamp));
+                std::memcpy(pointer, &value, sizeof(value));
+            } else {
+                std::memcpy(pointer, &payload, sizeof(payload));
+            }
+        });
+        const bool impose_ordering_for_fences = true;
+        impl->rasterizer.SignalFence(std::move(operation), impose_ordering_for_fences);
+        return;
+    }
     const size_t new_query_id = streamer->WriteCounter(cpu_addr, has_timestamp, payload, subreport);
     auto* query = streamer->GetQuery(new_query_id);
     if (is_fence) {
@@ -258,7 +275,6 @@ void QueryCacheBase<Traits>::CounterReport(GPUVAddr addr, QueryType counter_type
         return std::make_pair<u64, u32>(cur_addr >> Core::DEVICE_PAGEBITS,
                                         static_cast<u32>(cur_addr & Core::DEVICE_PAGEMASK));
     };
-    u8* pointer = impl->device_memory.template GetPointer<u8>(cpu_addr);
     u8* pointer_timestamp = impl->device_memory.template GetPointer<u8>(cpu_addr + 8);
     bool is_synced = !Settings::IsGPULevelHigh() && is_fence;
     std::function<void()> operation([this, is_synced, streamer, query_base = query, query_location,

src/video_core/rasterizer_interface.h

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2018 yuzu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
@@ -69,7 +72,7 @@ public:
     virtual void DisableGraphicsUniformBuffer(size_t stage, u32 index) = 0;
 
     /// Signal a GPU based semaphore as a fence
-    virtual void SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func) = 0;
+    virtual void SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func, bool ordered = false) = 0;
 
     /// Send an operation to be done after a certain amount of flushes.
     virtual void SyncOperation(std::function<void()>&& func) = 0;

src/video_core/renderer_null/null_rasterizer.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2022 yuzu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@ VideoCore::RasterizerDownloadArea RasterizerNull::GetFlushArea(PAddr addr, u64 s
 void RasterizerNull::InvalidateGPUCache() {}
 void RasterizerNull::UnmapMemory(DAddr addr, u64 size) {}
 void RasterizerNull::ModifyGPUMemory(size_t as_id, GPUVAddr addr, u64 size) {}
-void RasterizerNull::SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func) {
+void RasterizerNull::SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func, bool ordered) {
     func();
 }
 void RasterizerNull::SyncOperation(std::function<void()>&& func) {

src/video_core/renderer_null/null_rasterizer.h

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2022 yuzu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ public:
     void InvalidateGPUCache() override;
     void UnmapMemory(DAddr addr, u64 size) override;
     void ModifyGPUMemory(size_t as_id, GPUVAddr addr, u64 size) override;
-    void SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func) override;
+    void SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func, bool ordered = false) override;
     void SyncOperation(std::function<void()>&& func) override;
     void SignalSyncPoint(u32 value) override;
     void SignalReference() override;

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_rasterizer.cpp

@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ void RasterizerOpenGL::UnmapMemory(DAddr addr, u64 size) {
     }
     {
         std::scoped_lock lock{buffer_cache.mutex};
-        buffer_cache.WriteMemory(addr, size);
+        buffer_cache.UnmapMemory(addr, size);
     }
     shader_cache.OnCacheInvalidation(addr, size);
 }
@@ -607,8 +607,8 @@ void RasterizerOpenGL::ModifyGPUMemory(size_t as_id, GPUVAddr addr, u64 size) {
     }
 }
 
-void RasterizerOpenGL::SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func) {
-    fence_manager.SignalFence(std::move(func));
+void RasterizerOpenGL::SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func, bool ordered) {
+    fence_manager.SignalFence(std::move(func), ordered);
 }
 
 void RasterizerOpenGL::SyncOperation(std::function<void()>&& func) {

src/video_core/renderer_opengl/gl_rasterizer.h

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Citra Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
@@ -104,7 +107,7 @@ public:
     void InvalidateGPUCache() override;
     void UnmapMemory(DAddr addr, u64 size) override;
     void ModifyGPUMemory(size_t as_id, GPUVAddr addr, u64 size) override;
-    void SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func) override;
+    void SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func, bool ordered = false) override;
     void SyncOperation(std::function<void()>&& func) override;
     void SignalSyncPoint(u32 value) override;
     void SignalReference() override;

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_fence_manager.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2026 Eden Emulator Project
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2020 yuzu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
@@ -21,9 +24,7 @@ void InnerFence::Queue() {
     if (is_stubbed) {
         return;
     }
-    // Get the current tick so we can wait for it
-    wait_tick = scheduler.CurrentTick();
-    scheduler.Flush();
+    wait_tick = scheduler.Flush();
 }
 
 bool InnerFence::IsSignaled() const {

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_master_semaphore.cpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <thread>
 
 #include <ranges>
+#include "common/logging.h"
 #include "common/settings.h"
 #include "video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_master_semaphore.h"
 #include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_device.h"
@@ -221,7 +222,18 @@ void MasterSemaphore::WaitThread(std::stop_token token) {
             wait_queue.pop();
         }
 
-        fence.Wait();
+        const VkResult wait_result = fence.Wait();
+        if (wait_result == VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST) {
+            LOG_CRITICAL(Render_Vulkan,
+                         "Fence wait returned VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST on infinite wait (driver GPU hang).");
+            device.ReportLoss();
+            return;
+        }
+        if (wait_result != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            LOG_CRITICAL(Render_Vulkan, "Fence wait failed: result={}",
+                         static_cast<int>(wait_result));
+            vk::Check(wait_result);
+        }
         fence.Reset();
 
         {

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_query_cache.cpp

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2023 yuzu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
+#include <atomic>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <limits>
 #include <map>
@@ -74,10 +75,20 @@ public:
         switch (query_result) {
         case VK_SUCCESS:
             return;
+        case VK_TIMEOUT: {
+            LOG_WARNING(Render_Vulkan,
+                        "VK_TIMEOUT pool={} start={} size={}. Attempting to get over...",
+                        index, start, size);
+            std::fill_n(&host_results[start], size, 0ULL);
+            return;
+        }
         case VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST:
             device.ReportLoss();
             [[fallthrough]];
         default:
+            LOG_CRITICAL(Render_Vulkan,
+                         "GetQueryResults failed: result={} pool={} start={} size={}",
+                         static_cast<int>(query_result), index, start, size);
             throw vk::Exception(query_result);
         }
     }

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_rasterizer.cpp

@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::UnmapMemory(DAddr addr, u64 size) {
     }
     {
         std::scoped_lock lock{buffer_cache.mutex};
-        buffer_cache.WriteMemory(addr, size);
+        buffer_cache.UnmapMemory(addr, size);
     }
     pipeline_cache.OnCacheInvalidation(addr, size);
 }
@@ -770,8 +770,8 @@ void RasterizerVulkan::ModifyGPUMemory(size_t as_id, GPUVAddr addr, u64 size) {
     }
 }
 
-void RasterizerVulkan::SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func) {
-    fence_manager.SignalFence(std::move(func));
+void RasterizerVulkan::SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func, bool ordered) {
+    fence_manager.SignalFence(std::move(func), ordered);
 }
 
 void RasterizerVulkan::SyncOperation(std::function<void()>&& func) {

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_rasterizer.h

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public:
     void InvalidateGPUCache() override;
     void UnmapMemory(DAddr addr, u64 size) override;
     void ModifyGPUMemory(size_t as_id, GPUVAddr addr, u64 size) override;
-    void SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func) override;
+    void SignalFence(std::function<void()>&& func, bool ordered = false) override;
     void SyncOperation(std::function<void()>&& func) override;
     void SignalSyncPoint(u32 value) override;
     void SignalReference() override;

src/video_core/renderer_vulkan/vk_scheduler.cpp

@@ -65,6 +65,10 @@ Scheduler::Scheduler(const Device& device_, StateTracker& state_tracker_)
 Scheduler::~Scheduler() = default;
 
 u64 Scheduler::Flush(VkSemaphore signal_semaphore, VkSemaphore wait_semaphore) {
+    if (Settings::getDebugKnobAt(3) && chunk->Empty() && !signal_semaphore && !wait_semaphore) {//xbzk: improves fps by skipping flushes
+        const u64 current = CurrentTick();
+        return current > 0 ? current - 1 : 0;
+    }
     // When flushing, we only send data to the worker thread; no waiting is necessary.
     const u64 signal_value = SubmitExecution(signal_semaphore, wait_semaphore);
     AllocateNewContext();
@@ -223,7 +227,16 @@ void Scheduler::WorkerThread(std::stop_token stop_token) {
             // Perform the work, tracking whether the chunk was a submission
             // before executing.
             const bool has_submit = work->HasSubmit();
-            work->ExecuteAll(current_cmdbuf, current_upload_cmdbuf);
+            try {
+                work->ExecuteAll(current_cmdbuf, current_upload_cmdbuf);
+            } catch (const vk::Exception& e) {
+                LOG_CRITICAL(Render_Vulkan, "VulkanWorker: vk::Exception in ExecuteAll: result={}",
+                             static_cast<int>(e.GetResult()));
+                throw;
+            } catch (const std::exception& e) {
+                LOG_CRITICAL(Render_Vulkan, "VulkanWorker: exception in ExecuteAll: {}", e.what());
+                throw;
+            }
 
             // If the chunk was a submission, reallocate the command buffer.
             if (has_submit) {

src/video_core/surface.h

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#undef PIXEL_FORMAT_LIST
+
 #include <climits>
 #include <utility>
 #include "common/assert.h"
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ namespace VideoCore::Surface {
     PIXEL_FORMAT_ELEM(S8_UINT_D24_UNORM, 1, 1, 32) \
     PIXEL_FORMAT_ELEM(D32_FLOAT_S8_UINT, 1, 1, 64)
 
-enum class PixelFormat {
+enum class PixelFormat : u32 {
 #define PIXEL_FORMAT_ELEM(name, ...) name,
     PIXEL_FORMAT_LIST
 #undef PIXEL_FORMAT_ELEM
@@ -192,6 +194,13 @@ constexpr u32 BytesPerBlock(PixelFormat pixel_format) {
     return BitsPerBlock(pixel_format) / CHAR_BIT;
 }
 
+}
+
+#include "video_core/gpu.h"
+#include "video_core/textures/texture.h"
+
+namespace VideoCore::Surface {
+
 SurfaceTarget SurfaceTargetFromTextureType(Tegra::Texture::TextureType texture_type);
 bool SurfaceTargetIsLayered(SurfaceTarget target);
 bool SurfaceTargetIsArray(SurfaceTarget target);